I
Pedro A. Garcia Bilbao : Migraciones Forzosas : análisis de un concepto, Madrid, Silente Académica, 2011.
II
Crise da Dívida e Estados Unidos da Europa
Em declarações ontem publicadas na Der Spiegel, Ursula von der Leven (1958), actualmente Ministra Federal do Trabalho e Solidariedade Social alemã, considera a criação dos Estados Unidos da Europa como um passo fundamental para superar a crise da dívida : «"Mein Ziel sind die Vereinigten Staaten von Europa - nach dem Muster der föderalen Staaten Schweiz, Deutschland oder USA", sagte von der Leyen. Dabei bliebe weiterhin viel Platz für "lebensnahe Gestaltung in den Ländern und Regionen, aber in wichtigen finanz-, steuer- und wirtschaftspolitischen Fragen nutzen wir den Größenvorteil Europas", so die CDU-Vizechefin. Um im globalen Wettbewerb zu bestehen, reiche eine gemeinsame Währung aber nicht aus. Dazu brauche es eine politische Union. Von der Leyen warnt vor einem Auseinanderbrechen Europas. in diesem Fall "werden sich unterschiedlichste Allianzen in Europa bilden, mit allen Gefahren für den Gemeinsamen Binnenmarkt und die politische Zusammenarbeit". » (cf. Speigel online politik)
III
Crise da Dívida e Democracia
Porque é que os alemães mais ricos devem pagar impostos mais elevados ? A opinião de Jakob Augstein (extractos) :« Germany is a land of inequality. The gap between rich and poor has widened, and cutting public services to balance the budget will only make things worse. If we're serious about saving German democracy, we have to raise taxes on the rich.» (…)
Germany is a land of inequality. That's not some left-wing dogma, but a simple fact. Our system leads to a "redistribution of wealth from poor to rich." That was the recent conclusion of Paul Kirchhof, a conservative law professor and tax expert who Angela Merkel once wanted to appoint as finance minister. If our political system is to survive in the long term, something needs to change.
Let me describe the current situation with a few figures. The 5,000 best-earning German households have increased their share of the total national revenue by about 50 percent since the mid-1990s. At the same time, the real income of all Germans has remained about the same over this period. The net share of wages -- that is, the share of national income accounted for by wages -- was about 44 percent in West Germany up until the 1980s. Ten years later, it was just over 38 percent. Now it's about 35 percent. In the same period, the portion of income accounted for by profits has continually risen.
Huge redistributions are happening. That's a fact that has been known for some time. But most of us have just sat around and watched. Why? Because the ideology of privatization, small government and neo-liberalism has permanently fogged the minds of a generation.
(…)
If we want to save our society, there is only one answer: to raise taxes. The top tax bracket in Germany is lower than ever. In the past, 53 or 56 percent were normal levels -- now the maximum rate of income tax is 42 percent. The rich person who takes advantage of all possible tax breaks pays just over 30 percent. That's crazy. The state can no longer afford to make do without money from its wealthiest citizens.
The Berlin economics professor Giacomo Corneo has called for a tax bracket of 66 percent for the nation's top earners. He's right. » [Cf. Der Spiegel (international), 08/26/2011]
HAF
